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The Gothian Imperial Templar Are Now Recruiting. Templar header
Monday, August 10, 2015
Land of the Scythians (True Israelite Goths)
LAND OF THE SCYTHIANS (TRUE ISRAELITE GOTHS)
Ortellius said "the Kingdom of Arsareth (see II Esdra 8:45), was where the Ten Tribes took on the name Gauthei..." John Wilson has pointed out that the country of the Getae was on the borders of the Danubian principalities, on the river Sereth, where is a town of the same name, which in the Hebrew tounge, would be Ar-sereth.
E.W. Ingersol – “In the quotation from Esdras, the account of the captivity of Ten-Tribed Israel is identical with that in II Kings, 17; so that we have here the testimony of three witnesses of the captivity of Israel into Assyria, of their sojourn there, and of their removal thence. Of this removal, Herodotus and Esdras use almost the same language in rehearsing the events. But we now have yet more confirmatory evidence of the removal of Israel from Assyria to the "land uninhabited by man," a year and a half's journey distant." The Oxonian (John Heywood), in his history, has given maps in which is traced the line of the wanderings of Israel in all their journey, from their leaving the cities of the Medes on the River Gozan, and on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea, till they reached the end of their journey at Arsareth.” (E.P. Ingersol, “Lost Israel found in the Anglo-Saxon Race, Chapter V)
Traditions of the Imperial Goths - ON OUR GOTHIC CROSSES
ON OUR GOTHIC CROSSES (SWASTICAS)
Part 1.
The all-important topic of our ancestor’s crosses comes up most
consistently. This article below shows the beliefs of our folk in the
one supreme God that is symbolized in the ancient Gothic crosses
(swastika or sun-wheel). Our Scriptures (old and new testaments)
tell us Christ is our true light and sun. In the locations it is
demonstrated the belief was not in multiple gods at the time, but in
one supreme God. The crosses are used as a reminder to evil spirits
that the darkness is being shattered and the inevitability of our soon
rising like the day star.
The word of God says that as we grow in Christ we can all become
like the sun.
Chapter 21 from LA WADDELL’S “The Phoenician Origin of
Britons, Scots & Anglo-Saxons”Read the full chapter here:
https://www.facebook.com/download/1663953153837279/Traditions%20The%20Imperial%20Goths.pdf
Foundational Evidence Scotland Is A Gothic And Orthodox Nation
Foundational Evidence Scotland Is A Gothic And Orthodox Nation
Scots Are Called An Early Gothic Tribe By The Scholars, and codified in foundational charters of the nation.
The Gothic Emperor Alaric co-founded the ancient Abbey of Iona Scotland with the ecclesiastical vessels reclaimed from Rome, together with King Fergus.
The Gothic Migration Map (below) with commentary from Lithuanian-American Author Balaicius.
Bede, the renown historian, writing six hundred years before Scotland's Declaration also stated that the people of Scotland came from Scythia, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The legal document, the "Declaration of Abroath" (Scotland's Declaration of Independence) was written and signed by all the Nobility of Scotland at the time of the great war led by William Wallace and Robert the Bruce. This was delivered to the pope and remains today as a legal document of Gothian (Saxon true Israel) heritage.
This book attached by LA WADDELL (or Haberman's "Tracing Our Ancestors", or Steven Collin's books on the Goths) should remove any slightest doubt that the ancient Scythian Goths (Ukrainians etc) are the same as the Scots. Calling the Scots a Gothic Nation is not a revolutionary thing. One only has to look at the Declaration of Arbroath, signed by Robert the Bruce and all the Barons, known as their Declaration of Independence. In it, it defines the place by the Black Sea the Scottish Nation came from (out of Scythia / Ukraine). MUCH MUCH more to come! (Visigoths the*Western Goths, and Ostrogoths *Eastern Goths, just scratches the surface of our heritage.)
This file is available in the Gothian Templar Facebook Group, available for download at this url:
https://www.facebook.com/download/944329518943325/181257248-The-Phoenician-Origin-of-Britons-Scots-Anglo-Saxons-1924-1st-edition%20-%20Copy.pdf
This is proof that from ancient times the Clans of the Scots (as differentiated from Picts) fought not only with the Saxons, but also with the Goths, as one people. Our migration charts (and histories) that are readily available demonstrate the Saxon migrations were just a later migration of the same Celtic and Gothic people. Celtic being a much earlier migration.
After many battles he had routed the Romans out of Scotland. He recalled the Culdee priests and provided they be Pastors over the whole Kingdom of Scotland.(1)
He assisted "Alaric the Goth" at the Sack of Rome. He brought away as part of the plunder some valuable 'geir' and a chest of books which he afterwards presented to the monastery of Iona (in circa 410 AD). (2)
Iona, the Culdees headquarters under Columba, was established via gifts from Emperor Alaric the Goth, to King Fergus:
" The public," says Pennant, " was greatly interested in
the preservation of this place, for it was the repository of
most of the antient Scotch records. The library here must
also have been invaluable, if we can depend upon Boethius,
who asserts that Fergus the II., assisting Alaric the Goth in
the sacking of Borne, brought away, as share of the plunder, a
chest of books, which he presented to the monastery of Iona.
Aneas Sylvius (afterwards Pope Pius II.) intended, when he
was in Scotland, to have visited the library, in search of the
lost books of Livy, but was prevented by the death of the
king, James I. A small parcel of them were, in 1525, brought
to Aberdeen, and great pains were taken to unfold them, but,
through age and the tenderness of the parchment, little could
be read ; but from what the learned were able to make out,
the work appeared by the style to have rather been a fragment
of Sallust than of Livy."
But the account given by Boece is clogged with difficulties.
1. It is said that, besides the chest of books, there fell to the
share of Fergus sacra queda/rn vasa, " certain sacred vessels,"
which he also brought with him. Now, Boece himself lias
told us what we know from other sources, that the Goths
respected the sacred edifices. Alaric gave a peremptory
order, that all the consecrated vessels belonging to St Peter
should be transported, without damage or delay, to his church.
But, although these only are mentioned, in consequence of
their being found by the soldiers under the care of an aged
virgin ; it is most probable that this prince would show the
same regard to all other vessels consecrated to the purposes
of religion.
2. This account involves a gross anachronism. Fergus
must have made his donation to the monastery of Iona about
a hundred and sixty years before the foundation-stone of it
was laid. For Boece says that Alaric sacked Rome A. 412.
Now, Columba did not land in Iona till the year 563, or as
some say, 565. Here, we are told, Fergus employed approved
scribes, for reducing the manuscripts to the form of books,
several ages, as would seem, before the art of writing was
known in the country.
3. The same writer elsewhere says that, although Fergus
had appointed Iona to be a repository for the public records,
yet Alexander I., on account of the great difficulty of the
access to Iona, had caused our annals to be transferred to the
priory of Restennet, in Angus. Maitland has observed that
hence it w T as evident, that in Boece's time there could be no
records at Iona ; and, therefore, that he could not get his
Veremundus from this island.
As Boece mentions our annals only, it may be said, that
he did not refer to the ancient classical works, which
Alexander might not think of demanding from the monks
of Iona.
It might even be supposed, that Maitland had not sufficient
ground for charging Boece with self-contradiction, as to our
annals; as some of them, notwithstanding the requisition
made by Alexander I., might have been retained at Iona,
being concealed by the monks, or afterwards procured by
them from other quarters ; of which circumstance Boece
might be informed, when he made more particular inquiry
with the view of writing his history. But it cannot be
denied, that, by referring to works unknown to all our
historians, as to those of Cornelius Hibernicus, Veremund, and
Campbell, of whose writings, nay, of whose existence, we can
discover no other vestiges, he has greatly injured the credi-
bility of his whole story with respect to the communications
from Iona. The most favourable opinion which can possibly
be formed of the conduct of Boece, and it is very little to
his credit indeed, is, that he had destroyed the manuscripts
which he had used, that his own history might be in greater
request. This, as we learn from Gordon of Stralogh, was the
tradition which, when a young man, he had heard at
Aberdeen.
Nor can it at all be believed, that the classical MSS. were
brought from Koine by Fergus. There is little probability
indeed that Fergus ever was at Rome ; and still less, that an
Irish prince, in that early age, would encumber himself,
during his military labours, with a chest of books, written in a
language to which, we may reasonably suppose, he was an
entire stranger. "(3)
Greater Scythia Israel Scotland declaration of Abroath
Scotland’s Declaration of Independence was fought for by by the famed William Wallace, and was signed (and sealed) by Robert the Bruce and all the Scottish Nobles ultimately.
The Declaration of Arbroath(Scotland’s most precious national possession), as sealed by Robert the Bruce and his nobles is portrayed below. It contains the claim of being confirmed in the faith by Saint Andrew(historically by his assistant Aristobulus). It says that the Scots “journeyed from Greater Scythia by way of the Tyrrhenian Sea….they came twelve hundred years after the people of Israel crossed the Red Sea[ca.250BC], to their home in the west where they still live today.”
The British historian Bede, writing five hundred years earlier, also stated that the people of Scotland came from Scythia, between the Black and Caspian Seas, where Israel was dispersed. Herodotus called the Scythians the “Sacae,” which comes from the name Isaac, one of the names that Jacob (Israel) said would live on among Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. 48:16). God said “in Isaac shall thy seed be called”. Saint Paul reiterated these words, “in Isaac shall the seed be called” (Romans 9:8).
(4)
MIGRATIONS OF THE GOTHS
If any are interested in getting this graphic in the larger format (for classrooms etc) contact marshalofsalem@yahoo.com 12x18" on thick poster paper. (From p. 44 of Robert B.'s God's (TRUE)Chosen People
- Guthones / Goths / Getae / Jeats (“the people of God”); and Teutons (“of the whole tribe,” the name was originally Teutones Guthones and became shortened to Goth; Deutsche {German} and Dutchboth come from the word Teuton);
[* it is also possible that the Danish tribe of Jeats derived their name from a variation of Jutes.]
- Celt / Keltoi / Galatai (meaning, “the hidden people”— “My people hath been a lost sheep... they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their restingplace.... Because [you] have forsaken Me, and have not kept My Law.... Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye know not .... [but] Mine Eyes are upon all their ways: they are not hid from My Face.... [but He will regather them] from all the lands whither He had driven them”; Jeremiah 50:6; 16:11,13,17,15).
- Gaels / Gauls (some think that these two words are one and the same; however, I believe they are different. Most probably Gaul comes from the Hebrew gaw-al, numbered as #1350 in Strong’s Concordance, which means, “to be the next of kin, to redeem” or even “redeemed” or even “avenger of blood”). However, I believe clearly that the word —
- Goth is from the Israelite tribe of Gad, which in Hebrew is #1410 gawd, from #1464 guwd, “to crowd, attack, overcome, invade”, which is related to #1413 gawdad, “to crowd, gash (as if by pressing into)”. Clearly this explains the behavior of the Goths, as well as the Celts who spread across Europe even earlier than the Goths.
Gadhael, Gaidheal, or Gaoidheal, was the national name of the Celts of Caledonia (Scotland). However, the Roman Gallia was not from the Celtic root gal, but a Latinization from the Teutonic wal (the Germanic w often becomes g in Latin-based languages; as evident in the famous Welf and Waiblingen families of Germany, which became Guelph and Ghibellene in Italy). Strabo, the Greek geographer, of the early Britons, recorded: “a plaid wrapped around his body, .... He spoke Greek with a fluency, that you would have thought he had been bred up in the Lyceum, and conversed all his life with the Academy of Athens”. Similar things have been said about the early Scots; which is no surprise, since the ancient Britons, Cornish, Welsh Silurians, and Merovingian Frankish kings all traced their ancestry to the Trojans (Greeks from Troas). John Eadie recorded in his, A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians (1859) that the words Galatae, Galat, Galli, and Kelti are the same word and that the ancient name of Scotland, Caledonia, named for the Caledonii, is from the Greek words Kalatia / Kalaton. He also says that Gael is contraction of Gadhael, Gaidheal, or Gaoidheal, and are responsible for names such as Argyll (Ar-gadhael). He says the words seem to be related to the Irish, Gal, “a battle cry”, and Gala, “arms”; and will therefore, mean, “armed” (translated as pugnaces, aramti, in Latin). Strabo recorded that they were “warlike, passionate, and ever prepared to fight”.(5)
The Cross of Saint Andrew - the blue and white emblem of Scotland's patron saint - is believed to be the oldest continuously used flag in the world. Simple in its design, it has withstood centuries of political and religious turmoil, and remained the standard for Christian Scots, as well as those who have forgotten the reason their banner bears the Cross. (For the record, Saint Andrew was martyred on an X-shaped cross). Like the people for whom it flies, Saint Andrew's Cross has proven its resilience and strength.
The endurance of Saint Andrew's Cross is seen in the presence it still has in Scotland's largest emigree nation - Canada. In a country whose first Prime Minister was a MacDonald, whose first woman Prime Minister was a Campbell, and which boasted no fewer than nine Prime Ministers of Scottish ancestry (only five Prime Ministers were French), it is not a stretch of the imagination to suggest that Scotland still has at least a pint or two of its own running through the bloodstream of Canadian culture. Official ceremonies, academic awards, university names and traditions, along with the pipers who lead their processions - all these have been inherited from the practices of the Celts of Scotland, through their Canadian children.
The Cross of Saint Andrew can be found on 5 Canadian provincial flags, either within the Union Jack, or in the mirrored image of the flag of Canada's New Scotland, Nova Scotia. Yet those who trace their roots from that chilly isle to this great land do not often read back far enough to discover the essence of Scotland's Celtic roots, roots that reflected the faith of Saint Andrew for nearly one thousand years in a Celtic Church that was vibrant, independent, and fully Orthodox.
For those who entertain new-agey illusions about the Celtic Church, there is bad news: Celtic Christian worship was in most ways very similar to the life of Orthodox parishes today. What is very clear, Celtic Christians had far less in common with the free-wheeling nature worship one might find in certain Protestant or Roman Catholic circles than it did with the spiritual life of Greek monasteries in Byzantium. This shouldn't surprise us: the Greeks and the Celts had the same faith and liturgical life, while the Christian Celts and the modern western confessions, distorted by the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, do not.
In his classic book, Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, F.E. Warren thoroughly outlines this common spiritual inheritance. Concrete examples are numerous. Celtic Christians fasted on Wednesdays and Fridays, the universal observance of the Church in the first millennium. They rejected the claims to universal authority that Popes of Rome often claimed over Church decisions in custom, belief, and practice, and resisted innovative changes to early Church practices, including the Church calendar. The Celts observed a highly ascetical life, strongly shaped by the widespread presence of monasteries, where monks and non-monastics alike would say the services of the Hours on a daily basis.
The presence of married priests among the Celts did not arise out of a special dispensation from Rome, but rather, from the Celtic Church's independence from Rome. Around 400 A.D., the Celtic Church was large enough to attract the attention of Saint Jerome, who noted that the Celts were in communion with Rome, Gaul, and Africa - part of the universal witness to the One Faith. At the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Saint Wilfred affirmed the Orthodoxy of the Celts, despite the concerns of their critics that some local Celtic customs were at variance with Rome. Saint Columbanus, the great champion of the independence of the Celtic Church, repeatedly upbraids the Roman Church for its claims to universal authority - the timeless Orthodox defense against the extension of papal powers. "Let no bishop leave their diocese," he thunders, "lest he interfere with the affairs of the Church."Saint Wilfred Saint Columbanus
Synaxis of All Saints who shone forth in Scotland
Saint Donald Saint Columba Saint Cummian Saint Donan
Saint Ninian
The artistic life of the Celtic Church shows a warm interplay between the images of the universal Orthodox witness, and local Celtic traditions. Architectural decoration, ribbons in stone carvings, and giant initial letters in manuscripts reflect a North African influence, a fact not lost on most modern authorities on the Celts. The use of icons, and iconostases, were seen in various Celtic churches, including the burial place of Saint Brigid, the great Celtic saint. Celtic depictions of Christ as a child, wrapped in mummy-like swaddling bands, reflect Egyptian and Byzantine iconography. Like Orthodox bishops today, Celtic bishops used staves bearing the heads of snakes, like Moses in the desert. We can only imagine how much more we would know if the persecutions of Diocletian (305-313AD) had not destroyed many churches in the Celtic diaspora on the European continent (the earliest Celtic Church dated from around 200 A.D).
Liturgically, the Celtic Liturgy will seem familiar to Orthodox Christians, which is not a surprise in light of the fact that it represents one of the oldest Orthodox liturgies. The celebrant faced the altar, behind an icon screen, offering up the sacrifice of the Holy Mysteries of Communion with both elements together in the chalice. Communion was almost certainly delivered on a spoon; many such spoons have been found. A little water was added to the chalice before Communion, just as it is in the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom. There was even use of a small Eucharistic knife or spear, used for dividing Communion before it was placed in the chalice.
The souls of the departed were uniformly commemorated at the Liturgy, with long lists of saints, both local and universal, named at the services (there is some suggestion that the Celts did not ask for specific prayers from the saints; their general intercessions were assumed). The episcopal blessing, at Liturgy and perhaps other times, was bestowed in the manner of the Greek Church, with the fingers of the celebrant in the form of the Christogram (IC XC):
A variety of other liturgical parallels exist. Women were always veiled in the Celtic Church for the reception of Holy Communion. It is known that the Celts served at baptism an unction with blessed oil (as well as chrismation), and performed a ritual washing afterwards, much like the Slavic churches do to this day (the Greek custom of covering a newly baptized child with olive oil is an expansion on this practice, which works very well in Mediterranean climates, but which finds its limits in chilly northern climes). There is some suggestion that the Celts celebrated the Liturgy without wearing shoes, in the manner of the Copts of Egypt (just like the North American saint of our time, Saint John Maximovich). Noting the Celtic monastic connection with the Copts, this would come as no surprise.____________________________________
It should not surprise us to find these similarities, since in comparing the Celtic Church to the Church in Byzantium, or to Orthodox Christianity today, we are in fact comparing the Church to itself. The Orthodox Christianity of the Apostles, of the Ecumenical Councils, of the Byzantines, the Slavs, the Arabs, and the Celts - it is one faith, not many. The Celtic Church was astonishingly similar to Orthodox life today - because it was Orthodox.
The inheritance of Saint Andrew, whose proud banner waves in front of many a Presbyterian church in Canada, is not to be found inside these churches. Nor is the bold heart of the Celtic Christians of Scotland to be found at Burns dinners or chip shops or the Lodge of the Scottish Rite. The banner of the Celts is an Orthodox Christian one; it always has been. And it is a banner that flies proudly in the hearts of hundreds of thousands of Canadians, who still await the rediscovery of their own Orthodox Celtic roots, which cannot be found in the western confessions. These confessions of the last thousand years would have been virtually unrecognizable to the Celts of a millennium ago - the same Celtic Christians who would feel right at home in any Orthodox church in North America today.
Canada's first Scottish leader, Prime Minister John A. MacDonald, lies buried in the cemetery of a parish church in Kingston, Ontario, the same building that is home to the Orthodox Community of Saint Gregory of Nyssa. Perhaps it is in such a representation that we can rediscover the heritage of the founders of our own nation, its own enduring and brave Orthodox roots, put down in Celtic lands by the same Orthodox monastic saints who once made pilgrimage across the ocean to our own land. For it is only these roots that will keep Saint Andrew's banner long and gloriously waving - not just in our hearts, but in our lives.
Background note: The St. Andrew's cross is a distinctive shape because the Apostle Andrew, who would later become the patron saint of Scotland, asked that he not be crucified on a cross of the same shape as that on which Jesus Christ was executed. (See the Great Synaxarion of the Orthodox Church, November 30th)
The legend of the birth of the Scottish flag takes place circa AD 832 near Athelstaneford in East Lothian. Angus mac Fergus, King of the Picts, and Eochaidh of Dalriada faced off against the army of Athelstane, King of Northumbria, comprising Angles and Saxons. On the eve of the battle, it is said that the Scots saw the clouds in the evening sky arranged in a formation exactly like that of St. Andrew's cross. The Scots saw this as a harbinger of their victory. When they were victorious the following day, they adopted a white St. Andrew's cross on a field of azure blue as their national standard.
Father Geoffrey Korz, (Dormition, 2007)=========================================================================
Troparion (Tone 4)
- Andrew, first-called of the Apostles
- and brother of the foremost disciple,
- entreat the Master of all
- to grant peace to the world
- and to our souls great mercy.
Kontakion (Tone 2)
- Let us praise Andrew, the herald of God,
- the namesake of courage,
- the first-called of the Savior's disciples
- and the brother of Peter.
- As he once called to his brother, he now cries out to us:
- "Come, for we have found the One whom the world desires!"
References:
1. "Staffa and Iona described and illustrated" By Staffa
2. "The History of Scotland, from the Earliest Period of the Scottish...", Volume 1 By James Carruthers
3. "A Historical Account of the Ancient Culdees..." Pgs 219-220 byJamieson
4. "History of the Orthodox Church of the Culdees" Dr. Stephen Michael Nott-Brunswick
5. "God's True Chosen People" Robert A. Balaicius
6. "Saint Andrew the first-called Apostle,Patron Saint of Scotland" OODE
4. "History of the Orthodox Church of the Culdees" Dr. Stephen Michael Nott-Brunswick
5. "God's True Chosen People" Robert A. Balaicius
6. "Saint Andrew the first-called Apostle,Patron Saint of Scotland" OODE
Saturday, March 21, 2015
BRITISH IS GOTHIC
Chapter XIV
ARYANIZING CIVILIZATION OF PICTS AND CELTS OF BRITAIN BY BRUTUS AND HIS BRITO-PHOENICIAN GOTHS ABOUT 1100 B.C.
THE introduction of civilization and the Aryan language by King Brutus or Briutus and his Phoenician associates into Albion, or as he now called it "Brit-ain" or "Land of the Barats or Brits," is described in circumstantial detail in the Ancient British Chronicles, which is confirmed by more or less contemporary and other evidence."Brutus called the island, after his own name, 'Britain,' and his companions 'Britons.'"-Ancient British Chronicles.1"The tribes subject to the Cedi [Ceti or Getae Goth Phoenicians] are skin-clad." -Rig Veda Hymns.2
The name of the aborigines, unfortunately, is not preserved in the existing versions; but we have seen that these aborigines, whose extant skeletal and other remains date back to the Old Stone Age, were clearly the Picts or "British Celts." And a memory of them seems to be preserved in the Scottish version of the Brutus legend, which places the newly-arrived Brutus, as we have seen, on "The Sea of Icht (or of the Picts)," when he "banishes" from the island his "big brother," his kinsman the Tiberian Sylvius Alba and his people, who had preceded Brutus in the possession of the tin-mines and in the domination of the island. And significantly the traditional place where Brutus landed is still reputed the especial haunt of the earth-dwelling dwarfish "Pixies," who, we have seen, are a memory of the earth-burrowing Picts.
1 G.C. 1, 16; and N.A.B., 7.
2 R.V., 8, 5, 8.
168
The systematic civilization of Britain thus begins practically with Brutus. He occupied the country as far north as the Tweed, the Chronicles inform us, and he at once began the work of welding the various Pictish tribes into one nation under their Aryan rulers, through the bonds of a common Aryan language and the civilizing Aryan laws.
Brutus signalized his annexation of Alban by giving the latter a new name. He was, as we have seen, an Aryan of the Barat tribe, of which the Phoenicians were the chief representatives; and he had just come from Epirus where, on its Macedonian border, was a colony of that tribe with a town called "Phoenice," bearing that tribal title as "Parthini" or "The Parths," in series with Brutus' own personal name of "Peirithoos." We have also seen, and shall further see, that the Phoenicians were in the habit of applying this tribal title to their new colonies. We are now told in the Chronicle that "Brutus called the island [of Alban] after his own name 'Brit-ain' and his companions 'Brit-ons.'" The original form of this name "Brit-ain" was, as we have seen, "Barat-ana" or "Land of the Barats," 2 a form which
1 The references to Brutus' associate Corineus as carrying the defeated "giant" leader, and running with him on his shoulders, shows that the "giant" was no larger than himself.
2 The usually conjectured derivation of "Britain" (despite the circumstantial traditional account of its origin in the Chronicles which is in keeping with the facts of the application of this name in Phoenician lands elsewhere) is that evolved by Sir J . Rhys. He derives the name "Britain," from the Welsh Brith and Braith, "spotted, parti-coloured" - a reference to the painting or tattooing of the body. (R.C.B., 211). But, evidently not quite satisfied with this, he thinks it is derived from the Welsh Brethyn, "cloth," and adds: "It would appear that the word Brython and its congeners meant 'clothed,' or 'cloth-clad' people. (Ib., 212.)
The Higher Aryan Civilization which Brutus now introduced and propagated throughout a great part of Britain, began with the establishment of Agriculture, which we have found was originated by the Aryans and made by them the basis of their civilization. The Chronicles tell us that Brutus and his Britons set at once "to till the ground and build houses."
The building of houses, we have seen, was such a speciality of the Hitto-Phoenicians that it gave them, from their timberhouses, the title of "Khilani," "Gelouni" or "Gi-oln," which was borne also by the Phoenician Barat Part-olon. The perishability of timber-houses would account for the fact that there seem to be few extant remains of ancient Briton buildings of this early period, except stone foundations, which may possibly be as early, and some of the "Cliff castles" (the marvellously well selected strategic sites and defensive military details of which excited the admiration of General Pitt-Rivers, the great archaeologist) and some of
1 "Corunna," on the Iberian coast near Finisterre, is intimately connected with the Phoenicians and their demi-god Hercules. At the mouth of the bay stands a remarkable beacon to which a vast antiquity is assigned. Local tradition ascribes it to Hercules and others to the Phoenicians. Laborde discovered an inscription near the base which stated that it was constructed by Caius Severus Lupus and dedicated to Mars. But this was probably reconstruction. Now Corunna is the Tor Breogan of Irish bardic writers who state that Breogan was the son of Bratha [i.e., "Barat" or "Brath"], a leading chief of the Iberian Scots, who erected this tower here after his own name, and that from the top of the town his son Ith saw the shores of Erin on a clear day. See B.O.I., 27.
In surveying his newly-acquired land of Britain, we are told that Brutus " formed a design of building a city, and with this view travelled through the land to find out a convenient situation, and came to the Thames." As long before Brutus' day the land had been in the possession of the Phoenician Morites, who also traded in Amber in the North Sea, the topography of South Britain and its sea-coast was probably more or less known to Brutus and his kinsmen followers. The Chronicle account says he travelled "through the land" to the Thames from Totnes. It may be that Brutus, after his signal defeat of a leading party of the "giant" Morites at Totnes, as he had such a small land force for an enemy's country, yet possessing a considerable fleet, coasted along the south coast eastwards along the Channel from Totnes, marching inland to reconnoitre at
1 Diodorus Siculus writes that "the cottages of the Britons were of wood thatched with straw." (Geog, 4, 197).
2 In the 5th City, in Early Bronze Age. S.I. 573 and 710.
3 Cp. M.D. 186.
Certain it is, I find, that the majority of the chief river-names from Totnes to the Thames, including the latter river-name itself, are clearly transplanted namesakes from the rivers of Epirus, whence Brutus sailed, and rivers of Troy and Phoenicia. These Phoenician, Epirus and Trojan names were, presumably, bestowed thereon by Brutus or his early descendants; just as a similar series of such names has been applied to the Cornwall coast to the west of Totnes, and just as modern British colonists transplant the cherished names of their old homeland to their new colonies.
Thus "Penzance" or "Pensans," we have seen, is presumably a corruption of "Phoenic-ana" or "Place of the Phoenicians," and it was also formerly called "Burrit-on"2 i.e., "Place of the Barats." The eastern promontory of the Bay of Penzance is "Cudder Point," that is, apparently, "Point of Gadir," an old name for the Phoenician port of Gades.3 "Maraz-ion" or "Maras-ion,"4 also the name for the ancient Phoenician tin-port in this bay at St. Michael's Mount and the Ictis of the Greeks, adjoining the rich Godolcon tin mines, about three miles inland, with prehistoric stone-circles in the neighbourhood, is clearly named after the ancient inland capital of the Syyio-Phwnicians in Upper Cilicia, namely. "Marash" (see Map) with its famous Hittite-inscribed monuments and Ogamoid writing
1 "Brute-port" was the old name for Brid-port in Dorset at the end of the old "Roman" road, with many barrows and famous for its daggers. C.B., 1, 65.
2 L.H.P., 80.
3 "Gadeira," is used by Strabo for "Gades" (825: 17, 3, 2), and "Agadir" on Phoenician coins of Gades (see before). Ir is Sumerian for "City," so Gad-ir = "City of the Gad or Phoenicians."
4 This name is also variously spelt in documents of the thirteenth century onwards as "Marghas-bigan" (in Duke Richard's charter)," "Marhas-deythyou alias Forum Jovis" (Leland, about 1550, in History, 6, 119-120), in which the second part of the name is supposed to be the equivalent of "Jove." Camden later gives the name as "Marision," but trying to equate it to "Jove," and his own idea of a market there on Thursday, arbitrarily spells it "Markes-jeu" (1, 17). On the borough mace of Elizabeth's reign it is spelt "Margasiewe," and in Commonwealth documents "Margazion." Charles II. reverts to "Marhazion" and in 1726 the name occurs as "Marazion," which still persists. See C.B., 4 and 17, and L.H.P., 70 and 133, etc.
Similarly, from Totnes to the Thames the coast is studded with such Asia Minor and Hellenic names. The promontory outside the bay of Totnes was called by the Romans, who preserved and latinized most of the old pre-Roman Briton names, "Hellenis" (the modern Berry Head), thus preserving an old Briton name of "Hellenis," which is presumably a souvenir of the "Helloi" or Helleni tribe of the Hellenes in Epirus, whence Brutus sailed with his bride. The next large river on the way to the Thames is the modern Exe, called by the Romans under its old Briton name of "Isca," also written "Sca"2 which presumably preserves the old sacred name of the river of Troy,3 the Sca-mander or Xanthus. That the front name "Sca" was a separate and superadded name, and possibly a contraction of "Ascanios," seems evident from the modern river being called merely "Mendere." For the Sca-mander (or Sca-mandros of Homer) was presumably also called "Asc-anios."4 This title therefore of "Isca," for the Exe,
1 See R.H.G., 279; M.H.A., 263. It is called "Marasin" by later Byzantine ecclesiastic writers.
2 Its fort is called, in the 12th Itinerary of Antoninus, "Sca Dium-nunnorium" as well as "Isca Dumunnorium." See C.B.G., cxxvi.
3 Homer calls it "divine" (dios), Iliad, 12, 21.
4 Strabo cites Euphorion (681: 14, 5, 29) as saying: "near the waters of the Mysian Ascanios." Mysia is the province in which Troy and the Troad are situated; and Apollodorus speaks of "a village of Mysia called Ascania near a lake of the same name, out of which issues the river Ascanios" (Strabo ibid.); and the Sca-mander issues from a lake-cavern on Mt. Ida (see M.H.A., 69). This specification of "Mysia" excludes the Bithynian Ascanios and its lake as well as the S.E. Phrygian Ascanios and its lake on the Meander. It is also significant that the chief town of the Parth-ini tribe in Macedonia, already referred to in connection with Brutus was called "Usc-ana," and the river on the border of Epirus was the Axius (S. 328 &c.). And there was a Scaea Wall and Scaea Gates at Troy (S. 590).
Further east, the next large river, the Axe, of Ax-minster, and famous for its textile products, has the same Exe or Esk or Isca name and has in the neighbourhood "Catti-stock" with ancient "Picts' dwellings" to attest its antiquity. Further east, we come to the "Avon" (of Salisbury Plain, Stonehenge, etc.) which bears obviously the: same name as the "Aban" river of Damascus (mentioned in the Old Testament),2 a Syrian city which was in the occupation of the Hitt-ites in the fourteenth century B.C.,3 and in which the "Ab" of its name also means "Water," as does "Avon" in the Briton language. Passing Hants, where "Barton-Stacey" and "Barton-mere," both with prehistoric remains, and preserving in their names the earlier form of the "Barat" title like Dun-Barton, we come to the Ancient Briton island-port of Sels-ey or "Isle of the Sels," which, we have already seen on the evidence of the Phoenician inscription on its early Briton coins, means "Isle of the Cilicians." Beyond this, near Beachy Head, is the Ouse, which is clearly named after the "Aous" river of Epirus, which separates the latter from Macedonia. And the "Thaynes," the "Tamesis" of the Romans, is clearly named after the "Thyamis," the greatest river of Epirus, the Phoenician origin of which name seems evident by its chief tributary being named "Cadmus," the name of the famous colonizing and civilizing sea-king of the Phoenicians, with its chief city port "Ilium," a title of Troy, and the port of the next river to the north is named "Phoenice."
Arrived at the Thames, thus evidently named by Brutus after the chief river of Epirus in Greece, whence he had just come, bringing his princess bride, we are told that he "walked along the shore and at last pitched upon a place
1 A Scaeus river in Troad and Thrace (S. 590) and Axus or Oaxes in Crete. The name Sca, Axi and Usc seems cognate with Sumerian Agia or Ega, "Flood (of Euphrates &c.)," cp. Br. 11593) and akin to Sanskrit Ux "to sprinkle," Irish-Scot and Gaelic Uisg, "river," (and root of "Whisky") and Latin Aqua.
2 2 Kings, 5, 12.
3 A.L., 139 and 143.
"O City, founded by Dardanian hands,Thereafter Brutus, we are told, "prescribed Laws for the peaceable government" of citizens-just as, later, the famous Law-codes of two of his descendants in the fifth and 4th cents. B.C. were translated by King Alfred into Anglo-Saxon for the benefit of the English.2 This prescription of Laws by an Aryan-Phoenician implies Writing in the Aryan-Phoenician Language and Script, and also Education in reading that official writing and Aryan language. In writing, the Phoenicians are admitted by the universal Greek tradition to have been the teachers of Europe. And we have seen the form of the Aryan Phoenician writing and language of about 400 B.C. on the Newton Stone.
Whose towering front the circling realms commands!"
This now brings us to the hitherto unsolved and much-disputed question of the agency by which the Aryan language was first introduced into the British Isles and the date of that great event.
The introduction of the Aryan language into Britain has latterly been universally credited by modern writers to the " Celts," merely on a series of assumptions by Celtic philologists which, we have seen, are unfounded, namely,
1. "Kaer," the Cymric for "Fortified city," is now seen to be derived from Sumerian Gar, "hold, establish, of men, place" (Br. 11953, &c.), cognate with Indo-Persian Garh, "fort," Sanskrit Grih "house," Eddic Gothic Goera "to build" (V.D. 224) and Gard or "Garth."
2. G.C., 2, 17 and 3, 5; and cp. pp. 387-8.
The real introducers of the Aryan language into the British Isles are now disclosed to be the Aryan Phoenician Britons under King Brutus.2 As the conquering and civilizing race they imposed their own Aryan speech, as the official language, upon the aborigines of Britain. And they gave their own Aryan names, in the manner we have already seen, to most of the places, mountains and rivers, forming the hitherto so-called "Celtic" place- and river-names.
The Aryan language, thus introduced and spoken by these ruling Early Britons under King Brutus about 1103 B.C., was clearly neither "Celtic" nor the supposititious "Gaulish Brythonic of the Welsh of the fourth century B.C.," which are disclosed to be relatively modern provincial dialects of this original Briton Speech. What, then, was this Early Briton Speech, as it is given no place whatsoever in any of the schemes of classification of the languages of Britain by our modern philologists? It is called, in Geoffrey's translation of the Early Chronicles, as we have seen, "Trojan or rough Greek which [thereafter] was called British." The actual words for these terms, as they occurred in the "very ancient book [MS.] in the British tongue" translated by Geoffrey into Latin are unfortunately lost. The term "Greek" (or Graecum) could not have been employed in any very ancient text, as it is merely a term introduced by the later Roman writers about the middle of the first century B.C. for the country, people and language3 of the Attica peninsula, and whose people latterly called themselves "Hellenes" and their country "Hellas," and
1 Rhys, Rept. Brit. Ass., 1900, 893. In R.C.B., 1904 (p. 2) the supposed date is conjecturally extended to be "probably more than a millennium B.C."
2 The slight aryanizing influence of the Phoenician Morite merchants previous to Brutus is here disregarded.
3 T.W.P. 93-4.
The term "Trojan," on the other hand, as applied to this Early Briton language in Geoffrey's translation, probably preserves, more or less, the general form of the name occurring in his old British text, in the sense of "Doric."
["Trojan" or "Troian" is the latinized word for the Hellenic Troes, a native of Troia (or Troy), as the people and their city are called by Homer. Now, the most ancient branch of the Aryans in Greece, who are incidentally referred to by Homer as the "Doriees," the "Dorians" of the Latinist writers, were, I find, the original inhabitants of Troy,1 which would explain why the Dorians had their revenge on their distant kinsmen, the Achaians, who destroyed Troy (as described in the Iliad) by driving the latter out of Greece2 in the eleventh century B.C.; and secondly, the Homeric "Troes" for Trojan is presumably a dialectic form of "Doriees" or "The Dorians" - for the interchange of the dentals T and D is common throughout the whole family of Aryan languages, and is especially common even at the present day in Greece and amongst the Greek-speaking people of Asia Minor, so that the modern guide-books to Greece and Asia Minor warn travellers3 that the initial D of written or printed names is usually pronounced, in the colloquial, Th or T. And the transposing of the o and r in spelling is not infrequent.]
The "Doric" language of the ancient Hellenes was distinguished from the later refined and polished "Attic" of the classic "Greeks" by its rough simplicity and the free use of broad vowel sounds. This "Doric" character
1 Details in my Aryan Origins.
2 South Greece or Peloponnesus is called "The Dorian Island" by Pindar, N., 3, 5; and by Sophocles, C.C., 6, 95, etc.
3 See M.H.A. [71].
Contemporary specimens of this ancient Trojan Doric, that is, the Early "British" Doric language and writing, fortunately still exist from the fourteenth to the twelfth centuries B.C. They were unearthed in considerable numbers by Schliemann in his excavations at Hissarlik, the site of the ancient Troy. The language in which this Trojan Doric is written shows that Homeric Greek, which in its archaisms differs so widely from the classic Greek of later times, was related to it1 and presumably derived from it; while the script in which this Trojan language is written bears a close resemblance to the early alphabetic letters found in Cyprus at Kitium or Citium and other sites of the Phoenicians and Khatti in that island.This ancient Trojan Doric script so closely resembled in many respects the script on Part-olon's Newton Stone, that it supplied me with some indications for the decipherment of that inscription. And I find that this Trojan script and language was clearly akin to the language and writing of the later Aryan Phoenicians, and to the Runes of the Goths, and to the legends stamped on the pre-Roman British coins of the Catti, and was the parent of the language and writing of the present day in Britain-the so-called "English" language and script.
Its affinity to the Runes of the Goths is especially
1 Prof. Sayce, S.I, 691, etc.
"Anglo-Saxon," on the other hand, has no early writings extant to attest what the language of these Germanic invaders was at the period before and when they entered Britain in 449 A.D. The early Saxon language was markedly different from the so-called "Anglo-Saxon" of Britain, which latter first appears in the poems of Caedmon about 650 A.D., that is, over two centuries after the Anglo-Saxon invaders had mixed with and adopted the Laws of the Britons who spoke British Gothic.2 Caedmon, although now called "the first Anglo-Saxon or English poet," appears to
1. Thor, 1st king of 1st Aryan dynasty was only latterly deified.
2. But his poems are only known in the vernacular in a MS. dating no earlier than 1000 A.D., except his Hymn cited by King Alfred about a century earlier.
1. Birch Cart. Saxon. 2.39, cited by Gaskin Caedmon 1902, 10; and cp. Hewison Runic Roods 1914.61.
The Laws which Brutus prescribed, and the law-codes of his descendants of the 5th and 4th cents. B.C. (Molmut and Martin), translated by King Alfred for the Anglo-Saxons, were doubtless founded on the famous law-codes of the Sumerians and Hittites, which are admittedly the basis of the Mosaic and Greek and Roman Law. It will. surprise most readers, not lawyers, taught by the history books to regard the Early Britons as "barbarians," to find that the great English Law-authority on "The Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth," Sir F. Palgrave, shows that the Britons were superior in their civilization, as in their religion, to the Anglo-Saxons who adopted the Briton Law generally for their code in England.
Palgrave writes: "The historical order prevailing in this code (of the Britons') shows that it was formed with considerable care, and the customs it comprehends bear the impress of great antiquity. . . . The character of the British legislation is enhanced by comparison with the laws which were put in practice amongst the other nations of the Middle Ages. The indignant pride of the Britons, who despised their implacable enemies, the Anglo-Saxons, as a race of rude barbarians, whose touch was impurity, will not be considered as any decisive test of superior civilization. But the Triads, and the laws of Hoel Dda (founded on Molmut's), excel the Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic customals in the same manner that the elegies of Llywarch Hen, and the odes of Taliesin soar above the ballads of the Edda. Law had become a science amongst the Britons; and its volumes exhibit the jurisprudence of a rude nation shaped and modelled by thinking men, and which had derived both stability and equity from the labours of its expounders."2
The Art introduced by Brutus into Albion was presumably the advanced art of the Trojans and Phoenicians, as sung by Homer and unearthed by Schliemann and others; though
1 Briton code of Molmut revised by Howel the Good (Hywel Dda), King of Cymri, 906-48 A.D.
2 F. Palgrave, Rise and Progress of English Commonwealth, 1. 37.
As an instance of Early Briton art may be cited an inlaid dagger-handle unearthed from a tomb near Stonehenge, which is thus described by an expert: "It could not be surpassed, if indeed equalled, by the most able workman of modern times."1
Works of public utility, such as the construction of arterial roads for commerce, etc., are referred to in the Chronicle records of descendants of Brutus.2 The so-called "Roman roads" bearing the old Briton names of Stave Street, Watling3 Street, Erming Street, etc., are studded with Ancient Briton town sites, as we shall see, and thus presumably were roads mentioned in the British Chronicles which were engineered by the Ancient Britons in the pre-Roman period and merely repaired by the Romans, to whom they are now altogether credited by those latter-day writers who have erroneously believed that the Britons were savages.
1 Hoare, Ancient Wilts, 1, 202, pl. 27, 2, and E.B.I., 232.
2 G.C., 3, 5, etc.
3 "Watl-ing" is a variant of the Eddic Gothic "OAdl-ing" or "OEdl-ing" royal clan, with later variants of AEthel-ing, etc., in which ing is the Gothic tribal affix. Other variants of this Early Briton name, in the time of Edward the Confessor, Harold and Canute are spelt in charters "Waedel," "Wadel," "AEdel," "Adel," "Udal," cp. W. G. Searle, Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum 473, 534, 582. The name is Sumer Etil "Lord" (Br. 1506).
The Religion which the Phoenicians disembarked and transplanted in Britain, as they did in their other colonies was the exalted monotheistic religion with the idea of One God of the Universe, symbolized by his chief visible luminary the Sun, as we shall see in a later chapter on Phoenician "Bel" worship in Early Britain, as attested by its early monuments other than the Newton Stone. The uplifting effect of this lofty religion upon the aborigines must have been enormous, sunk as the latter were in the degrading matriarchal cults of serpent demons of Death and Darkness, demanding human and other bloody sacrifices.
The Phoenician "Sun-worship" was latterly, as we have seen, associated with the idealized Aryan Barat tutelary angel, Britannia. It was, perhaps, this divinity who is referred to as "Diana" in the Chronicles as inspiring Brutus to the conquest of Britain. That latter name was possibly substituted by the later editors to adapt it to the well-known analogous tutelary of the later classic writers. In this regard it is significant, in connection with the traditional
1 Sir J. Evans divided the Bronze Age in Britain into 1st Stage, 1400-1150 B.C. (flat daggers); 2nd Stage, 1150-900 B.C. (stout daggers), and 3rd Stage, 900-400 B.C.
2 Bronze sickles were found in Aberdeen, Perth and Sutherland shires. E.B.I., 199-200-where finds in the South of England are also noted.
The maintenance of the higher religion was an essential part of the Aryan State system, and the kings were for long the high priests and priest-kings. Caesar mentions that students from Gaul and other parts of the continent flocked to the colleges in Early Britain for religious instruction.2 And the fact that the ruling Aryan Briton kings and their "Britons" properly so-called (as distinguished from the aborigines) adhered to the higher ancestral religion of the Sun-cult, and not the blood-thirsty Druidism of their subjects, is evidenced by the Early Briton coins and the numerous stone monuments of the pre-Christian period in Britain, which are purely Solar in their symbolism. So purely solar was the higher religion in Ancient Britain that Pliny reports that the ancient Persians - the most famed of the later Eastern Sun-Fire worshippers - seemed to have derived their rites from Britain.3
The character of these Early Britons is reflected to some extent in their Chronicles. The Phoenician admiral Himilco of Carthage who visited Britain about the sixth century B.C. to explore "the outer parts of Europe"4 records that the Britons were "a powerful race, proud-spirited, effectively skilful in art, and constantly busy with the cares of trade."5
Their patriotism and independence is strikingly reflected in the magnificent oration of the Briton chief Galgacus as recorded by Tacitus,6 and displays high proficiency in literary composition and rhetoric. The character of King Caractacus was highly extolled by the Romans. The high
1 C.B., 2, 81.
2 D.B.G. 6, 8; 6, 13 (11) and f.
3 Nat Hist., 30.
4 Pliny states that he sailed via Gades (Nat Hist, 2, 67, 109).
5 "Multa vis hic gentis est. Superbus animus, efficax sollertia. Negotiandi cura jugis omnibus." Fragment preserved by Festus Avienus, Ora Marilirna, v, 98-100.
6 Agricola, 30.
"Thay say, Qwhat say They?As regards refinement and education, it is noteworthy that the young Briton wife, Claudia Rufina, of a high Roman official, whose praises Martial sang in the first century A.D., held her own in the brilliant society at Rome
Thay haif sayd. Let thame say!"
"Claudia! Rose from the blue-eyed Britons!She was traditionally the Claudia who was the friend of St. Paul.2 And not to mention the old tradition of the Chronicle and numerous other independent records that the famous Christian empress and canonized saint, Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, was a British princess, the daughter of King Col of York, we have the beautiful monument to the dignified Briton lady of the Cat-uallaun ruling clan in North Britain, erected at S. Shields, by her sorrowing husband, Barates the Syrio-Phoenician. (See Fig. 19.)
Capturer of hearts! How is it thou'rt such a Latin person?
Such graceful form? It makes believe thou'rt Roman!
Thou'rt fit to be Italian or Athenian maid."1
The intellectual, social and religious culture introduced by Brutus into Britain about the end of the twelfth century B.C. must thus have been of the advanced standard of the Phoenicians of that period. This must have exercised still further an inspiring and uplifting effect upon the lower mentality of the Pictish aborigines, and have tended to alter their habits of life and character somewhat in the direction of those of their civilizing Aryan overlords.
The colonizing activities of the adventurous Briton descendants of Brutus soon manifested themselves again, after they had penetrated the greater part of Britain, in
1. "Claudia caeruleis cum sit Rufina Britannis," etc. Martial, Epigram. 11, 53. Her husband was Aulus Pudens.
2. 2 Timothy, iv, 21. Her identity was upheld by Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury; and J. Bale. See C.B.G., I, xciii.
This Briton invasion and colonization of Germany by King Brutus' descendants, about 970 B.C., now accounts for the first time for the Aryanization in speech of the various non-Aryan Slavonic or Sarmatian tribes of Germany, and also supplies the date for this great epoch-making event in the history of continental Europe. It also explains the origin and existence of the "Continental Britanni" mentioned by Pliny as living on the banks of the Somme,1 the Cat-alauni tribe on the Marne; and the various Catti or Gothic tribes in the Rhine Valley described by Tacitus,2 namely the Catti or Chatti, the most heroic of the tribes in Germany,3 the Chauci (? Saxons), Qadi of Moravia, the Goth-ones, and Goth-ini with their iron-mines on the Vistula and Oder, the Sit-ones, and the Cimbri in Jut-land, where we find a short time later, "Goths" and "Goth-land"; while the Angli (Angles, the "Yngl-ing Goths" of the Eddas) occupied in the first century A.D. the neck of Schleswig- Holstein of Denmark or Jut-land adjoining the Cimbri (or Cymri).
An early Briton occupation of Denmark (the home of the
1 Pliny, N. Hist., 4, 106.
2 Germania, C., 29-44.
3 The "Catti" or "Chatti" are not mentioned by Caesar, as they were outside the frontier of the Roman empire and influence. Some writers have sought to identify them with the "Suevi" of Caesar's Commentaries, but Tacitus sharply differentiates the "Catti" from the "Suevi." This Early Briton migration of Catti or Goths to the Rhine Valley would account for the remains of long-headed skulls of Aryan type in the early prehistoric graves there.
It is thus seen that the Anglo-Saxons were a branch of the British Barat-Phoenicians or Britons, and that the "Anglo-Saxon" language is derived from the Briton "Doric" or Dorian (or Troian) Gothic, or the British Gothic introduced into Britain by Brutus and his Barat Phoenician Catti or Goths about 1100 B.C.; and, to some extent, still earlier, by the Amorite Catti Phoenicians from about 2800 B.C.
1. G.C. 3, 11.
FIG. 25A. Prehistoric Catti Sun Crosses and Sun Spirals graved on Sepulchral Stones at Tara, capital of ancient Scotia or Erin.
After Coffey (C.N.G. Figs. 34, 36.)
Described in Chaprs. XIX and XX.
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